Tugas Biologi Dasar

THE RESUME TASK

BASIC OF BIOLOGY

“THE ROLE OF BIOLOGY IN LIFE”

 

 

Name                            : Bella Rhea Lavifa Sanjaya

NIM                               : 120210153038

BASIC OF BIOLOGY LABORATORY

TEACHER TRAINING AND SCIENCE EDUCATION FACULTY

UNIVERSITY OF JEMBER

 2012

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1  Background

Biology is the science that deals with the study of varieties of living organisms including ourselves. The importance of biology in our daily lives lies in the fact that biology attempts to find out the unifying principle that exists among diverse organisms having morphological and functional inequalities.

 Biology is, simply put, the study of life. Without biology, we would not have doctors, veterinarians, agriculturalists or geneticists. Biology is used in all of the following careers:

• Physicians/Nurses/Medical Practitioners: Biology is one of the central foundations for all medical jobs. Biology is the study of life, including the human body and how it works. Pathologists focus on areas of biology concerned with malfunction and disease. Pharmacologists study biology to determine how drugs and natural substances interact with the body. Geneticists study how diseases and individual characteristics are affected by heredity. Medical biology is one of the fields most valued by our society.
• Veterinarians: Veterinarians need a solid foundation in biology to understand animals' bodies and how they function best. Marine biologists work with ocean organisms, freshwater biologists work with inland aquatic life and zoologists work with all kinds of animals.
• Agriculturists: If you like to eat, you need to appreciate the biologists who work with both crop and livestock engineering. Agriculturists use biology to breed efficient crops and hardy cattle. These scientists improve natural pest control and find ways to control and cure animal disease. They use biology to produce the best crops at the lowest cost to the environment and the farmer.
• Environmentalists: Environmentalists rely on biology to understand how the actions of humans affect ecosystems and, on a larger scale, the whole world. As we come to understand the impact of our actions, we can make changes to reduce our consumption of natural resources and to eliminate the introduction of harmful chemicals or invasive species into the environment.
• Forensics: Biology even plays a part in catching bad guys. Without biology, many criminal identification techniques would be impossible, including fingerprinting and the use of DNA evidence.

The timeline of biotechnology 

* 8000 BC The collection of seeds to be replanted. Evidence that the Babylonians, Egyptians, and Romans practice selective breeding (selection artifisal) to improve the quality of livestock. 
* 6000 BC Brewing, fermenting wine, baking bread, making tempeh with the help of yeast 
* 4000 BC the Chinese nation yogurt and cheese made with lactic acid bacteria 
* 1500 The collection of plants around the world 
* 1665 discovery of cells by Robert Hooke (UK) through a microscope. 
* 1800 Nikolai I. Vavilov created a comprehensive research on animal breeding 
* 1880 Microorganisms found 
* 1856 Gregor Mendel started genetics of plant recombinant 
* 1865 Gregor Mendel discovered the laws of nature in the delivery of the parent to their children. 
* Karl Ereky 1919, Hungarian engineer, first used the word biotechnology 
* 1970 Researchers in the U.S. managed to find limiting enzyme used to cut genes gene 
* 1975 monoclonal antibody production methods developed by Kohler and Milstein 
* 1978 Researchers in the U.S. managed to make insulin by using a bacteria found in the colon 
* 1980 Modern biotechnology is characterized by recombinant DNA technology. Model prokaryotes his, E. coli, is used to produce insulin and other drugs, in human form.About 5% of people with diabetes who are allergic to animal insulin previously available)
* 1992 the FDA approved the first GM food from Calgene: tomato "flavor saver" 
* 2000 The completion of the Human Genome Project

1.2  Formulation of the Problem

1.      What is the benefit of biology in life?

2.      What is the benefits in agriculture of biology in life?

3.      What is the benefits in medicine of biology in life?

4.      What is the danger of biologyb in life?

1.3  Purpose

1.    To know what else the benefit in agriculture of biology in life

2.    To know what else the benefit in medicine of biology in life

3.    To know what else the danger of biology in life

CHAPTER II

DISCUSSION

Benefit and Danger of Biology in Life

A.     The Benefit of Biology

The impact of biology, especially microbiology progress:

Today, the science of biology has emerged as a central science liaison of all the natural sciences and is the busiest intersection that brings the natural sciences, humanities and social sciences. This is due to the rapid development of the science of biology. Developmental biology is if used properly and for the purpose of human welfare, will bring enormous positive impact. Here are some of the benefits and positive impact on the development of the biological sciences.

Biotechnology is a branch of science that studies the use of living things (bacteria, fungi, viruses, etc.) and products of living things (enzymes, alcohol) in the production process to produce goods and services. Today, the development of biotechnology is not only based on biology alone, but also on applied sciences and pure, such as biochemistry, computers, molecular biology, microbiology, genetics, chemistry, mathematics, and so forth. In other words, biotechnology is an applied science that combines the various branches of science in the production of goods and services.

At this time, biotechnology is growing very rapidly, especially in developed countries. Progress is marked by the discovery of a variety of technologies such as genetic engineering, tissue culture, recombinant DNA, stem cell proliferation, cloning, and others. This technology allows us to obtain the cure genetic diseases or chronic incurable, such as cancer or AIDS. Research in the field of stem cell development also allows people with stroke or other diseases that result in loss or damage to body tissues can recover to normal. In the food sector, using the technology of genetic engineering, tissue culture and recombinant DNA, can produce plants with characteristics and superior product because it contains more nutrients than regular crops, and is also more resistant to pests or environmental stresses. Application of biotechnology in the future can also be found on environmental protection from pollution. For example, the decomposition of oil spilled into the sea by the bacteria, and the decomposition of substances that are toxic (poison) in a river or the sea by using new types of bacteria.

Biotechnology is simply known by mankind since thousands of years ago. For example, in the field of food technology is brewing, bread, and cheese that has been known since the 19th century, breeding plants to produce new varieties in agriculture and animal breeding and reproduction. In the medical field, the application of biotechnology in the past evidenced partly by the discovery of vaccines, antibiotics, and insulin although still in limited quantities due to the fermentation process is not perfect. Significant changes occurred after the discovery by Louis Pasteur bioreactor. With these tools, production of antibiotics and vaccines can be done in bulk.

·     Benefits in agriculture

Agriculture is also called farming or husbandry. it is the cultivation of animals, plants, fungi, and other life forms for food, fiber, biofuel and other products used to sustain life. Agriculture was the key development in the rise of sedentary human civilization, whereby farming of domesticatedspecies created food surpluses that nurtured the development of civilization. The study of agriculture is known as agricultural science. Agriculture generally speaking refers to human activities, although it is also observed in certain species of ant and termite. The word agriculture is the English adaptation of Latin agricultūra, from ager, "a field", and cultūra, "cultivation" in the strict sense of "tillage of the soil". Thus, a literal reading of the word yields "tillage of fields".

Agriculture is the raising of domesticated animals and the planting, cultivation, and preservation of crops. Agriculture entails selective breeding of organisms with combinations of inherited characteristics that benefit humans (and not necessarily the organisms themselves), and so these practices have over time greatly influenced the course of evolution of these animals. Agriculture arose thousands of years ago in different parts of the world. The steps were similar in different places, but the types of organisms that were raised or cultivated differed. Underlying all of agriculture is human control of the environment.

Agriculture remains a hazardous industry, and farmers worldwide remain at high risk of work-related injuries, lung disease, noise-induced hearing loss, skin diseases, as well as certain cancers related to chemical use and prolonged sun exposure. On industrialized farms, injuries frequently involve the use of agricultural machinery. The most common cause of fatal agricultural injuries in the United States is tractor rollovers, which can be prevented by the use of roll over protection structures which limit the risk of injury in case a tractor rolls over. Pesticides and other chemicals used in farming can also be hazardous to worker health, and workers exposed to pesticides may experience illnesses or birth defects.

As an industry in which families commonly share in work and live on the farm itself, entire families can be at risk for injuries, illness, and death. Agriculture is an especially dangerous industry for younger workers, accounting for nearly half of work-related fatalities in the United States between 1992 and 2000. Common causes of fatal injuries among young farm worker include drowning, machinery and motor vehicle-related accidents. To reduce the extent of farm-related youth injuries, the National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) and the Marshfield Clinic Research Foundation have issued a set of guidelines known as the North American Guidelines for Children's Agricultural Tasks (NAGCAT) based on child development principles that matched children's abilities with the requirements of specific farm work. These guidelines have proven effective at reducing work-related injury rates among youth, based on the results of a randomized control trial conducted by NIOSH.

In the traditional agriculture, traditional farmers constantly search for and promote novel variation in their crops. They acquire new varieties by exchange, while travelling, through purchase from markets and natural hybridization.This is actually one of the key features of traditional farming systems; the interaction between domesticated varieties and their wild relatives. The promotion of natural hybridization and introgression have, over time, increased the genetic diversity available to farmers. Traditional farmers also experiment with new varieties and breed plants purposefully to create new strains. They generally plant experimental plots first and only integrate new varieties into their main crops once a variety has proven itself to be of value. This constant experimentation and breeding has created the diversity of crops upon which we now depend (Richards, 1985).

The farmers in traditional agriculture just use a simple tools, simple seeds, simple way to manage their plants. Commonly this way need a long time to get the benefit. Because there are still need much factors to make their plant grow well and getting more the opportunity. This picture in below shows how the farmer treat and produce their produc.

By selecting characteristics that make a plant a good crop, early farmers altered the genetic make ups of plant populations. Corn, for example, is a product of human intervention. Corn's ancestor, a grass called teosinte, had small ears with sparse kernels. As humans selected teosinte ears bearing the most plump kernels, they gradually edged evolution towards forming a new species, corn. A reminder today of this ancient intervention is that the jackets formed by the leaves covering an ear of corn (husks) are so tight that the plant cannot naturally release its seed. Other plant species were also changed by humans selecting variants that held onto seeds more tightly, a trait that would not benefit a plant in the wild.

In the modern agriculture, modern farming is still highly dependent on climate and weather to be able to bring in a profit. Except for greenhouses, the vast majority of farms that grow crops cannot grow them indoors; with a vast amount of acreage to cover, it is impossible to grow cereal, oilseed or pulse crops under a climate-controlled area. Many vegetables are and can be grown indoors, but again, most of them are plant outdoors like they have been for hundreds or thousands of years. 

Modern farming is primarily an industry that involves growing food to feed many people from all over. The farmer is not growing food for himself, but rather for others who cannot grow food themselves. It involves much bigger equipment and less labour requirements (or rather, less people to hire) to cover a certain area of a field than what could be done 100 or 200 years ago. Fertilizers and pesticides are commonly used to get a much more cleaner crop with bigger returns per acre, and more varieties or cultivars of a certain species of plant are made available to farmers to grow for better yields, less lodging, more robustness and durability throughout the growing stages, and more growth or competitiveness over other plants that would be considered weeds. Crops are not just grown for human food, but for animal feed as well. Different varieties and cultivars are created for that purpose, and animals are selected so that they gain more efficiently on these feeds than they were designed to in the past. Like this picture bellow. The farmers use a modern tools, modern seed and modern way to treat and produce their produc. From that modern system they will get more opportunity than use a traditional system.

·           Benefits in medicine

Medicine is the applied science or practice of the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of disease. It encompasses a variety of health care practices evolved to maintain and restore health by the prevention and treatment of illness in human beings.

Contemporary medicine applies health science, biomedical research, and medical technology to diagnose and treat injury and disease, typically throughmedication or surgery, but also through therapies as diverse as psychotherapy, external splints & traction, prostheses, biologics, ionizing radiation and others. Like this picture below.

                 The benefits in medicie are:

1.     Medical advancement also shows the importance of biology in our daily lives. The study of dreaded diseases, their causative agents, cure as well as the actions of drugs are a way of biological enlightenment that strives minimizing human suffering.

2.     Importance of biology in our daily lives also lies in finding and curing hereditary abnormalities like haemophilia, Down’s syndrome,etc.

3.     Biology aims in making effort to better human race through eugenics.

4.     Biology study has a vital role in controlling environmental pollution and attracted sense of art and beauty.

B.   The Danger of Biology in Life

However, there are also people who abuse developmental biology is causing a negative impact. For example, the technology of cloning and genetic engineering on food crops come under fire from various groups.Here are some of the dangers and negative effects of developmental biology.

1.     Used for biological warfare. Bacteria and viruses that can be used as a lethal biological weapon to destroy people. It’s seem so give the negative impact for human life. Not only that, but also it can destroyed many animals and plants that life around that environment, and make this environment not comfortable to our life.

2.      Bring up the nasty strain organisms. Given genetic engineering, nature - the nature of living things can be changed easily, including insert evil gene that can be used to kill or terrorize people.

3.      Disrupt the environmental balance. Result of human engineering new organisms feared would be able to win the competition and get rid of organisms that already exist in nature so as to cause an imbalance of nature.

4.      Violations of the laws and values ​​- the value of the community. For example, there is a mother who is pregnant with IVF technique that sperm from a sperm bank (not from him). This would certainly blur the status of children and cause problems later.

CHAPTER III

CLOSING

3.1    Conclusion

Importance of Biology in our Daily Lives with Respect to Agriculture and Industry:

·       Agriculture plays great role narrating the importance of biology in our daily lives. Agriculture is largely the result of man’s taking the advantage of the inter relations of soil, climate and natural habitat to select those particular combinations that meet his basic requirements. Thus to provide necessary food, man depends entirely on green plants that can alone capture the solar energy.

·       High yielding varieties of crop plants like rice, wheat, jute, sugar cane, pulses etc are now bred experimentally. Disease resistant grains and verbalized seeds are made.

·       Biological control strategies are undertaken as pest control emphasizing the importance of biology in our daily lives.

·       Modern man does not depend on fishing and hunting like our ancestors and instead rears fishes as well as cattle and various other domestic animals to get food and other necessities of life. This has resulted in the development of fishery and animal husbandry.

·       The importance of biology in our daily lives lies in the production of clothings and timber for making furnitures, in supplied raw materials for paper, dyes, etc.

·       Fossils are important in locating underground oil and natural gas reserves. Even coal and mineral oil formed from decomposed plant bodies are key to industrial prosperity.

  

Importance of Biology in our Daily Lives with Respect to Health and General well Being:

·       Medical advancement also shows the importance of biology in our daily lives. The study of dreaded diseases, their causative agents, cure as well as the actions of drugs are a way of biological enlightenment that strives minimizing human suffering.

·       Importance of biology in our daily lives also lies in finding and curing hereditary abnormalities like haemophilia, Down’s syndrome,etc.

·       Biology aims in making effort to better human race through eugenics.

·       Biology study has a vital role in controlling environmental pollution and attracted sense of art and beauty.

3.2    Advice

1.        After we know what else the benefits in agriculture and medicine of biology in life, we should make our environment be more useful as comfortable as we take care our life.

2.        We should keep our environment well from the dangerous of biology in life.