PARTICAL
REPORTS
BASIC
OF BIOLOGY
By
Name : Bella Rhea Lavifa Sanjaya
NIM :
120210153038
BASIC
OF BIOLOGY LABORATORY
TEACHER
TRAINING AND SCIENCE EDUCATION FACULTY
UNIVERSITY
OF JEMBER
2012
I.
TITLE : THE PROCEDURE
OF MICROSCOPE
II.
PURPOSE :
1.
Introducing the
components of the microscope and how to use them.
2.
Determining wide the
field of view from the microscope.
3.
Learn how to prepare
materials that would be observed under microscope.
III.
BASIC THEORY
A primitive
microscope was invented in 1950 in Middelburg, Netherlands, by the eyeglass
makers Han Lippershey, Zacharias Jansen and his father Hans Jansen. Further,
Galileo Galilei improved by using a set of aligned lenses and called it “occhiolono”,
what means “little eye”. In 1625, Giovanni Faber named Galileo Galilei’s
“occhiolino” as a compound microscope and this name remains until today (Fabio
Pacheco, 2009 [Online]).
.The
five sense of human have limited separation ability because that is many
problem about organism and that will observation and investigation with
auxilary tool. One of the tools that are often use in preparation microscopic
called microscope. Microscope is from word, micro = small and scopium = vision.
That function is increase separation ability until possible to observe object
who are very smooth. The microscope is the basic tool of the biologyst. It used
to study organisms which are too small to be seen with the naked eye, and it be
used to obtain a close look at the fine structure of larger organism.
There
are many types of microscope, such as monocular microscope, that shadow looks
long and wide and give a little picture about tall. The object of investigation
should be a small size and thin so that can light penetrateable. The early
compound microscope, housed in a gold-embossed leather case, was designed by
English scientist Robert Hooke about 1665. Using it, he observed and made
drawings of cork cells. Although the microscope has three lenses, they are of
poor quality and Hooke could see little detail ( The Dynamics of Life, 2004 : 5).
A binocular microscope is
simply a microscope that uses two eyepieces instead of the
traditional one used in many other types of microscopes. This binocular view offers a number of advantages and
the costs are comparable to a single eyepiece instrument. The popularity of the binocular microscope has grown over the years and currently
represents that vast majority of units sold. The term binocular comes from two different words,
with bi meaning two and ocular meaning related to vision.
Together, these two words apply very well to a microscope with two eyepieces. Due to the fact
the technology between a monocular microscope and binocularmicroscope is nearly identical, the only
difference in cost between the two is simply the cost of additional materials
(Ken Black, 2003 [Online]).
Two important
parameters in microscopy are magnification and revolving power, or resolution.
Magnification is the ratio of an object’s image size to its real size.
Resolution is a masure of the clarity of the image; it is the minimum distance
two points can be separated and still be
distinguished as two point. For example, what appears to the unaided eye
as one star in the sky may resolved as twin as stars with telescope ( Campbell,
2008 : 95). Today, microscopes of
different magnifying powers are used in several applications. To mention a few,
a simple microscope with only one magnifying lens is used in schools, while a compound
microscope with more than one lens is used in high schools, colleges and
advanced scientific studies. Likewise, scientists and forensic researchers make
use of an electron microscope that
has a very high resolution power (Ningthoujam Sandhyarani, 2010 [Online]).
The microscope
is consist a microscope legs, that made weight and solid so that the microscope
can stand steady. The microscope has three lens systems, they are objective
lens, ocular lens and condenser. The object and the ocular lens located on two
tip of the microscope tube. The tube microscope can be monocular or binocular
head. The under tip of tube microscope found seat objective lens position, three
and more objective lens and can be rotated called revolver. In under microscope
found a place holder or microscope object table.
There
are 2 basic types of microscopes: the light microscope (creates an image using
a beam of light), and the electron microscope (creates an image using a beam of
electrons.) The most common type of light microscope, and the one will use in
the lab, is the brightfield microscope. The brightfield microscope is an
example of a compound microscope. That means light from the object are viewing
passes through two lenses before it reaches eye. Microscopes not only magnify
the object are viewing, they also provide increased resolution. Resolution is
the ability to distinguish two points as separate points. For instance, if two
points are very close together, they may appear to be a single spot. If increase magnification without increasing
resolution, the single spot will only look like a larger single spot, and will
never resolve into two separate spots. The better the resolution, the sharper
and crisper the image. The resolving power of the naked eye is approximately
0.1 mm, meaning that our eyes can distinguish two points that are 0.1 mm apart.
A light microscope can improve resolution by as much as 1000-fold. In addition,
discernment of cellular detail can be improved with the use of dyes that add
color and contrast to subcellular structures (Ningthoujam Sandhyarani, 2010 [Online]).
Microscope are
made tofunction well both mechanically and optically. If something doesn’t
function properly, possibly something other than the technique in using the
microscope is wrong. Thus, if something doesn’t rotate or screw out, or rack up
and down easily, don’t force it! Better, call the instructor and letting solve
the problem if he can (Edwin H. Battley, 1971:36).
IV. WAY OF WORK
4.1 Tools
and Materials
4.1.1
Tools
1. Microscope
2. Object
glass and cover glass
3. Pipette
4.1.2
Materials
1. The
cut of paper writing “d” and “b”
2. Water
4.2 Way
of Work
4.2.2 Observation the cut of paper
writing “b” and “d”.
Close
slowly with a cove glass
Compare
the location of the shadow with the location of the object
being observe
Describe
the shadow of the letter “b” or “d”
Look
into eyepiece
4.2.3 Measure wide the field of view
Close
slowly with a cover glass
Observe
preparation by using a weak magnification object lens
Observe
the first location of the object by the scale on the left
Side
and back of the table object
Move the preparation with scale to the
right until the last limit of
Mark
on what number the location of the point by looking
at
number on a scale
move
preparation to left side until the last limit of the letter look like
ini
the previous step
Calculate
the area of field of view by calculating the difference
between
the two dots (diametre resurrected of view) with the formula
V.
Result of Observation
Ø Result
of letter “b”
-
View with a
magnification of 40X
-
The letter “b” is
begining of the letter “q”
-
The picture is not the
shadow of the picture because the characteristic of the resulting shadow are real,
reserve and bigger
-
If the preparation is sliding from left to right
the direction of the shadow will be sliding to the left
-
If the preparation is
sliding from front to behind the direction of the shadow will be sliding to the
front
-
After move to upper
side : 15 mm
After move to lower side : 11 mm
So, d = 15 – 11 L = π r2
= 4
mm = 3,14 × 22
r =
= 12,56 mm
= 2 mm
-
After move to right
side : 128 mm
After move to left side : 125 mm
So, d = 128 – 125 L = π r2
= 3
mm = 3,14 × 1,52
r =
=
7,065 mm
= 1,5 mm
Ø Result
of letter “d”
-
View with a
magnification of 40X
-
The letter “d” is
begining of the letter “p”
-
The picture is not the
shadow of the picture because the characteristic of the resulting shadow are real,
reserve and bigger
-
If the preparation is sliding from left to right
the direction of the shadow will be sliding to the left
-
If the preparation is sliding
from front to behind the direction of the shadow will be sliding to the front
-
After move to upper
side : 12 mm
After move to lower side :
9 mm
So, d = 12 – 9 L
= π r2
= 3 mm = 3,14 × 1,52
r =
= 7,065 mm
= 1,5 mm
-
After move to right
side : 136 mm
After move to left side : 134 mm
So, d = 136 – 134 L = π r2
= 2 mm = 3,14 × 12
r
=
= 3,14 mm
= 1 mm
V.
DISCUSSION
5.1 Parts of the microscope :
1.
Ocular : The piece you look
through. Sometimes called an ocular lens or eyepiece, this unit is really a
series of lenses. Our microscopes are binocular, having two oculars. Learn to
use both eyes; focus your eyes as if you were looking at an object about five
to ten meters in front of you. You should adjust the width of the oculars to
match the width of your eyes.
2.
Objective lens: Sometimes called the objective; a set of self-contained lenses. The
objective gathers light from the specimen and directs it through the tube to
the oculars. These scopes have three phase contrast objectives (10X, 20X and
40X with red lines on them) and one bright field objective (20X with no red
line).
3.
Nosepiece: The rotating turret to which objectives are mounted. There are preset
positions for each objective, detected by slight pressure changes while turning
the nosepiece and usually a clicking noise. You should not grab the objectives
to turn the nosepiece use the black ring instead.
4.
Stage: The flat surface upon which slides are placed. On your microscopes,
the stage moves up and down and the slide is manipulated by a geared device. A
moveable stage is sometimes called a mechanical stage. The slide is moved
left/right and front/back by two knobs projecting downward from the stage.
5.
Condenser: A lens system under the stage that gathers light from the light source
and focuses it on the specimen. There is a diaphragm in one part of the
condenser that can be adjusted to allow the viewer to see different parts of
the cell when using bright field illumination. You should experiment with this
control. These condensers also have phase rings but you should not have to make
any adjustments to them.
6.
Condenser Adjustment
Control: Under the stage on the left side is a small
knob that is used to adjust the height of the condenser. For the most part,
this will always be all the way up.
7.
Light Switch Control: The light switch and intensity controls are on the right side of the
microscope base, about half way up the side. There is an on/off switch as well
as a brightness control. Use only as much light as necessary to illuminate the
specimen.
8.
Light Source: On our microscope the light source is built into the base and is
directly under the condenser.
9.
Adjustment (Focus) Knobs: Both coarse (large) and fine (small, inner) adjustment knobs are found
on both sides of our microscopes. Remember that the coarse adjustment is used
only with the low-power objective. These control a gear mechanism that raises
and lowers the stage.
5.2 Measure
wide the field of view from the microscope
Observation were did
with a piece of the letter “b” and “d” that observed using a light microscope.
In this observation can be find that the letter of “b” turn into “q”and the
letter of “d” turn into “p”. Based on it can be find that Objective lens and
ocular lens affect the characteristic of
the resulting shadow that formed on the microscope. The objective lens
has the characteristic of the shadow, illusion, reserve and bigger. While the
ocular lens has the characteristic of the shadow, real, reserve and bigger.
To measure wide the field of view in the
microscope, first measure the length scale
and short scale. Later, preparations slide
to the right and to the left, each specified scale. After that, first determine
the diameter and radius respectively. After that we get the radius, then
calculated by the formula.
L = π r2
where L : wide of the field
π : 3,14
r : the radius
Besides
slide to the right and to the left can slide to the front and behind too.
From the resulting of obervasition we
conclude that to measure wide the field of view the letter “b” (that sliding to
the left and to the right) is the same with wide the field of view of the
letter “d” (that sliding to the left and to the right). To wide the field of
view the letter of “b” (that sliding to the front and to the behind) is same
with wide the field of view the letter of “d” (that sliding to the front and to
the behind).
Familiarization of microscope electron :
1. Mounting
slide. These scopes have mechanical stages which hold the slide and will move
it around very precisely. Looking from
the side of the scope, mount the slide in the spring loaded mechanical stage.
Move the slide around with the stage so can see how it works. One knob makes
the specimen go up and down, the other back and forth.
2. Selecting
the objective. Note that the microscope have 3 objective lenses. The shortest
is the scanning lens (4x); the middle, low power (10x); and the long one, high
power (40x) (one hole is blocked with a plastic cap).
3. Looking
and focusing. Turn the light on to about 6 or 7 on the knob. Put the scanning
lens in position, and position the slide so that the object can be centered
over the hole in the stage.
4. Light
intensity. These microscopes have two ways to adjust the amount light.
(Bio-logic, 1974: 2-7).
5.3 Using
the microscope :
1.
Place the microscope in
the light,open the diaphragm until maximum
2.
Arrange the position of
the flat/concave morror so that the condenser glass became light
3.
Increase the condenser
until maximum by rotating the condenser botton
4.
Place prepared on the
stage of the microscope
5.
Pull down the tube
microscope until object lens nearly touching the cover glass
6.
Look through the ocular
lens, a prepared until focus by turning the regulatot coarse and smooth control
The important things to use a
microscope :
1.
Holding the microscope
with one hand the other hand to hold the foot microscope
2.
The stage of the
microscope should be horizontal to keep from falling preparaions
3.
Clean the lens only
with paper/special cloth to the lens (soft tissue)
4.
Get used to keep both
eyes open when observing
5.
After using the
microscope, turn regulators rough so thereis a distance between the objective
lens with table microscope, arrange the position of the mirror in an upright
position. Clean the objective lens when struck emersi oil and clean up the
table microscope froom dirt or spills medium using a tissue
6.
Store the microscope in
cupboard with control temperature
VI.
CONCLUSION
Based on the resulting that get from
this observation can conclude that :
1.
Microscope is the main
tool of observation and research in the field of biology, because it can be
used to study the structure of small objects.
2.
Objective lens and
ocular lens affect the characteristic of
the resulting shadow that formed on the microscope. The objective lens
has the characteristic of the shadow, illusion, reserve and bigger. While the
ocular lens has the characteristic of the shadow, real, reserve and bigger.
3.
To measure wide the
field of view from the microscope can use by formula
L =
π r2 , Where L : wide the field of view
Π
: 3,14
r :
the radius
REFERENCE
Battley,
H. Edwin. 1971. Basic Demonstration in
Biology. New York : The Mcmillan Company.
Biggs,
Alton, at all. 2004. Biology : The
Dynamics Of Life. United States : The
McGraw-Hill Companies
Black,
Ken. 2003. What is a Binocular Microscope?. http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-a-binocular-microscope.htm
[14 Ocotber 2012].
.Cambell, Neil
A., at all. 2008. Biology Eighth Edition.
San Francisco : Benjamin Cummings.
Jones,
L. W. 1974. Biologic. London :
Burgess Publishing Company.
Pacheco,
Fabio. 2009. Microbiology Online Focus On
: Parts And Functions Of A Light Microscope (Part II) .
http://microbiologyonlineblog.blogspot.com/2009/11/microbiology-onlin-focus-on-parts-and.html
[13 October 2012].
Sandhayarani,
Ninghtoujsm. 2010. Parts of Microscope.
www.buzzle.com/articles/parts-of-a-microscope.html
[13 October
2012].
Universitas
Jember. 1998. Pedoman Penulisan Karya
Ilmiah. Jember : Badan Penerbit Universitas Jember.
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