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Lecture Lesson Strategy of Teaching and Learning
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Bella Rhea Lavifa Sanjaya 120210153038
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STUDY PROGRAM OF
BIOLOGY EDUCATION
DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS
AND SCIENCE
FACULTY OF
TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION
JEMBER UNIVERSITY
2013
1. Signification of Integrated Learning
Some
understanding of integrated learning proposed by some experts such as
integrated learning:
1) According to the Cohen and Manion (1992 ) and
Brand (1991 ), there are three possible variations of integrated learning with
respect to education conducted in an atmosphere of progressive education that
integrated curriculum (integrated curriculum ), the integrated (integrated day),
and integrated learning ( integrated learning ). Integrated curriculum is a set
of activities integrating various subject matter through a cross-cutting theme
to form a meaningful whole so the boundary between different fields of studies
a not tight or virtually non-existent. Integrated day activities such as design
students from the class on a particular day something to learn or do various
activities according to their interests. Meanwhile, integrated learning refers
to learning activities that are organized in a more structured as opposed to a
particular theme or a particular subject as its center point (center core /
center of interest).
2)
According to Prabowo (2000:2), integrated learning is a process of learning by
engaging / connecting the various fields of study. And there are two terms that
need to be put forward to eliminate the ambiguity of the notion of integrated
learning above, the concept of integrated learning and integrated science.
3)
According to Prabowo (2000:2), integrated learning is a teaching and learning
approach that involves several fields of study. Teaching and learning
approaches like this will hopefully be able to provide a meaningful experience
for our students. Meaning meaningful here because the children are expected
integrated learning will gain an understanding of the concepts they learned
through direct experience and relating it to other concepts they already
understand.
Integrated learning is a
teaching and learning approach that takes into account and adjusting to the
developmental level of the students (developmentally appropriate practical).
Approach departs from the theory that refuses drill - learning system as the
basis for the formation of knowledge and intellectual structures.
The
initial step in implementing integrated learning is the selection / development
of the topic or theme. In the first step the teacher invites the students to
jointly select and develop a topic or theme. Thus the students are actively
involved in the learning process and decision -making.
Learning
by using this integrated approach is expected to improve the quality of basic
education, especially for preventing symptoms of cramping of the curriculum in
the learning process in schools. The negative impact of compaction curriculum
will be bad for children's development. This is evident with the prosecution of
the child to do various tasks that exceed their capacities and needs. They lack
the opportunity to learn, to read, and so on. Besides, they will lose the
natural learning experience direct, sensory experience of the world they are
going to form the basis of abstract learning ability ( Prabowo , 2000:3 ).
Integrated
derived from the English " integrated " means members of, or be one.
Thus the integrated learning process is an effort to change the behavior that
occurs as a result of merger or union between two or more subject matter. Beane
( 1995:615 ) defines integrated learning as learning that combines several sub
subject or inter- subject study areas. The strategy is known as cross-
curriculum learning or learning across studies, or also known as cross-
disciplinary learning program.
There
are various types of integrated learning that can be used, which gradually
integrated learning, sharing, networking and fluted.
Gradually
integrated learning ( sequenced integrated teaching -learning ) is a distance
learning how to teach the two subjects which are material ( teaching materials
) have the same material and the relationship between them. This integrated
pursued in an effort to bring together materials that are characterized by
similar and related to be more thorough and complete. Thus learners easily
menrima, understand, store and reproduce and live the meaning contained in the
two subjects. The application of this approach is methodologically delivered in
two subjects, quite delivered - combining into a single course. Therefore, the
incorporation of the delivery of content can be done in a way to set such a
time , the material gradually. A teacher in this course are required to dig or
understand thoroughly and completely on the same material contained in two different
subjects. In other words, teachers are required to identify and understand the
similarities matter, concerning the purpose, content or message method and the
targeted learning outcomes both these subjects .
Integrative
learning sharing (shared integrated teaching -learning ) is a learning approach
or procedures done by sharing subject (matter ) of the subjects overlap ( where
the subject matter contained in some subjects ). Integrated learning is adopted
based on the fact that many of the capabilities found that the achievement must
be realized through two or more subjects. Therefore, in order to save and right,
both material and preparation procedures, need to be joined through sharing
approach. With this approach, overlapping and repetition of material between
subjects can be avoided. Another example is the competence to choose foods and
beverages can be realized through subjects science ( substances contained
in plants ), health education, related to the characteristics of healthy foods
and beverages and can be done through Islamic religious education ( moral : the role eating and drinking ).
Integrated
learning networks ( webbed - integrated teaching -learning ) is a learning
model that is used to teach a particular theme that tendency can be delivered
through several other areas of study. Thus this model is a model that uses a
thematic approach across fields of study. To be able to implement a teacher
seriously and prosecuted depth to understand and choose the basic themes (
essential ) which has a material relationship is methodologically can be
combined. Teachers are required to select and sort the jelly which is then
subject the main theme or subject of the main theme which is then distributed
to the various subjects.
Integrated
learning fluted ( threaded integrated teaching -learning ) is a learning
approach taken by developing a central idea that is a common thread ( lines )
derived from the concepts contained in the various disciplines. For example,
the concept or definition of " healthy food " contained in various
disciplines, such as in the disciplines of nutrition, biology, chemistry and
the science of religion itself ( food " halalan thoyyiban " ).
Another example is the competence " maintain road safety " can be
realized through subjects ips ( patterns of human interaction ), Islamic
religious education ( in a certain way ), PKN ( mutual respect ), and health
education ( keep personal safety on the highway ) and Indonesian ( the story of
an accident on the highway ).
2. The Principle and the Characteristics of Integrated
Learning
The
following is also stated in the principles of integrated learning which
include:
1) The principle of extracting theme
A. theme
should not be too broad, but can be used easily integrate many fields of study,
B. must be
meaningful theme means that the theme chosen for review should provide supplies
for students to learn next,
C. theme
should be appropriate to the psychological development of children,
D. The
theme is developed should be able to accommodate most of the children's
interests,
E. The
theme chosen should consider incident - authentic events that occurred within
the period studied,
F. The theme chosen should take into consideration
the prevailing curriculum, as well as the expectations of the community,
G. The theme chosen should also consider the
availability of learning resources.
2) The
implementation of the principle of integrated learning
A. Teachers should not be a "
single actor " who dominates the conversation in the teaching and learning
process,
B. Provision of individual and group
responsibilities must be clear in every task that requires kerjasarna group,
C. Teachers need to accommodate the
ideas are sometimes not at all unthinkable in planning poses.
3) The principle of evaluation
A. Provide opportunities for students
to conduct self-evaluation in addition to other forms of evaluation,
B. Teachers need to encourage
students to evaluate the learning gains that have been achieved based on the
criteria of success in achieving objectives agreed upon in the contract.
4) The principle of the reaction.
Reaction principle, the impact of
accompaniment ( nuturan effect ) are essential for conscious behavior has not
been touched by the teacher in teaching and learning activities. Therefore,
teachers are required to be able to plan and implement learning so thoroughly
achieved the learning objectives. Teachers should react to the reactions of
students in all the " events " are not directed to a narrow aspect
but into a unified whole and meaningful.
Integrated
learning time can vary as follows:
A. Integrated Learning held at any
given time , ie when the material is run once taught in an integrated match,
B. Integrated Learning is temporary,
with no certainty of time and is situational, where the proceedings do not
follow a regular schedule, the implementation of an integrated learning spontaneously
characterized by learning activities appropriate curriculum content is still
fragmented by the subjects . Nevertheless, teachers still have to plan or
conceptual linkages between lessons and models allowing cobwebs executed
spontaneously integrated learning ( PGSD development team , 1996),
C. There is also implementing an integrated
learning periodically, for example every weekend or late quarterly . His time
has been designed for certain,
D. There is also a full day implement
integrated learning. During the day there is no other learning, that there are
students who want to learn with. Students are busy with their own affairs. Learning is known as " integrated
day" or integrated day. Beginning with classroom management activities
which include preparation aspects of learning activities, tools, media and
other tools that can support the implementation of integrated learning. In the
planning phase the teacher provides guidance to students on activities to be
carried out , how the implementation of activities and how teachers help
students gain.
Implications
of integrated learning, form an integrated day, teacher should determine the
time and number of days for the implementation of these activities and can be
filled with activities integrated learning model of cobwebs .
Demanded
implementation of activities that have been structured organization. Organizing
at the initial stage includes determining the theme of taking into account the
tools, materials and resources available, type of activity and how teachers
help students. For the implementation class teachers working with other
teachers in designing learning activities by choosing a central theme in the
life of transportation.
3. The
characteristics of Integrated Learning
Hilda Karli and Margaretha
(2002:15) points out some of the characteristics of integrated learning, as
follows:
Holistic, an event
that became the center of attention in integrated learning studied from several
fields of study and to understand the phenomenon from all sides.
Meaningful linkages between
other concepts will add to the meaningfulness of the concept being studied and
the acquisition is expected that children are able to apply their learning to
solve real problems in their lives.
Active, integrated learning
approach developed through discovery - inquiry. Learners are actively involved
in the learning process which can indirectly motivate children to learn.
In
line with that, the development team PGSD (1977:7) argues that integrated learning
has the following characteristics.
1. Child-centered.
2. Provide direct experience in
children.
3. Separation between the field of study
is not so clear.
4. Presenting the concept of various
fields of study in a learning process.
5. Be flexible.
6. Learning outcomes can be developed in
accordance with the interests and needs of children.
Steps to Prepare the Integrated School:
1. Analyzing the Content Standards. In the
framework of the implementation of Competence and Basic Competence Standards and
to meet the learning objectives have been achieved, it first has to analyze the
content standards for each subject, and then selected the material on other
subjects on the national curriculum that can integrate with these subjects. In
analyzing the content of the mapping competency standard that could be combine
from each of the basic competencies of the subjects in the KMP.
Example: A Package science
teaching sixth grade. Competency Standards: Understanding the relationship
between natural resources with the environment, technology, and society. While
the Basic Competency: Explain the relationship between natural resources with
the environment. This material can be combined with a sixth grade mathematics,
which is to collect basic competence and reading data. The material can also be
integrated with social studies class IV, which describe the basis for
competence natural appearance in the district / city and province and its
relation to social and cultural diversity.
2. Compile teaching materials, which refers to
the equality of educational content standards that have been analyzed and
formulated by integrating several subjects that have the same theme /
overlapping. Teaching materials can be shaped modules or other learning
materials.
3. Designing integrated learning, which made of
writing lesson plan as operational guidelines that will guide the tutor in
learning activities through an integrated learning approach the steps taken in
creating an integrated lesson plan are:
a) Establish a central theme of learning that
will serve as a learning tool hook,
b) Formulate competencies or learning
objectives to be achieved learners,
c) Identify the concepts that have relevance
both properties contained in the intra-and inter-subject to be integrated,
d) Formulate learning scenarios that will be
done,
e) Establish an evaluation tool that will be
done.
4. Application of the concept. Integrated
learning is very attentive to the needs of learners in accordance with the
holistic development by engaging actively in the learning process both physical
and emotional. For the activities provided include actively seek, explore, and
discover scientific concepts and principles of holistic, meaningful, and
authentic so that learners can apply the acquisition of learning to solve real
problems in everyday life.
4. The Excess and
the weakness of Integrated Learning
Integrated
learning has advantages as follows:
1.
Experiences and learning activities
learners will always be relevant to the child's developmental level.
2.
Selected activities can be tailored to
the interests and needs of learners.
3.
The whole learning process is more
meaningful to learners so that learning outcomes will be able to last longer.
4.
Integrated learning and social develop
thinking skills of learners.
5.
Presents an integrated learning
activities with a pragmatic problem frequently encountered in the life / real
environment learners.
6.
If designed with integrated learning,
can enhance cooperation among teachers related field of study, teachers with
learners, learners with learners, learners / teachers with resource persons;
making learning more fun, learning in real situations, and in the context of a
more meaningful.
Integrated
learning has the weakness, that is:
1.
Aspects
of teacher
Teachers should be open minded, have
high creativity, methodological skills that are reliable, high confidence and
bold package and develop the material. Academically, teachers are required to
continue to explore the science of information relating to the matter to be
taught and read a lot of books that mastery learning materials are not focused
on a particular field of study.
2.
Aspects of learners or students
Integrated learning or reading material
requires considerable resources and varied, may also internet facilities. All
of this will support, enrich, and facilitate the development of insight. If
these means are not met, then the application of integrated learning will also
be delayed.
3.
Aspects
of the curriculum
The curriculum should be flexible,
oriented towards achieving mastery students understanding (not the target
delivery of content). Teachers need to be given the authority to develop the
materials, methods, assessment of student learning success.
4.
Aspects
of assessment
Integrated learning requires a thorough
assessment method (comprehensive), ie, determining the success of learners from
several related fields of study combined.
5.
Aspects of the learning environment
Integrated learning tend to prefer one
field of study and 'tenggelam'nya other fields of study. In other words, when
working on a theme, the teachers tended to emphasize or prioritize substances
combined in accordance with the understanding, taste, and educational
background of the teachers themselves.
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